This marked the transition of submarines from slow underwater vessels to warships capable of sustaining 20-25 knots submerged for long periods, independent of needing air for diesel engines to charge batteries. The first nuclear-powered submarine, USS Nautilus, put to sea in 1955. Work on nuclear marine propulsion started in the 1940s, and the first test reactor started up in USA in 1953. So far, exaggerated fears about safety have caused political restriction on port access. In future, constraints on fossil fuel use in transport may bring marine nuclear propulsion into more widespread use.Most are submarines, but they range from icebreakers to aircraft carriers.
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